The life and Legacy of George Orwell Essay Example for Free

The life and Legacy of George Orwell Essay George Orwell, a renowned novelist and essayist, is not only regarded for his multitude contributions to literature, he is well recognized as a â€Å"secular saint. † Fifty-seven years after his death, Orwell is acclaimed not only by thinkers and writers but also by the political left and right and those in between. He is a great story teller of truth and is revered by his moral courage, intellect and diamond-hard prose. Social historian Noel Annan once described him as â€Å"the first saint of our age† (Frankel, para. 2). Orwell, deprived of university training, is â€Å"quirky, fierce, independent and beholden to none. † Early Life and Works Born Eric Arthur Blair, this English author lived most of his life in poverty. He joined the Indian Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1927 before he returned to Europe to pursue his writing career (Widmann, para. 1). In 1936, Orwell (his pen name) joined the Republican forces in the Spanish civil war. He was wounded in fighting and later on had to flee Spain for his life. Orwell was always critical of communism and considered himself as a socialist. Over the next ten years, he would make his journey towards becoming famous—under a new name and with an altered identity. As Eric Blair, he experienced injustice and poverty and as George Orwell he began to look for their causes. His early experiences with totalitarian political regimes bore impact on his prose. After the publication of two of his greatest novels—Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, he confirmed his disgust over totalitarianism. In his essay Why I Write, he said â€Å"every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism†¦to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole. † During World War II, Orwell wrote a weekly radio political commentary where he countered German and Japanese propaganda in India (para. 5). His commentary work during the war at BBC gave him a solid taste of bureaucratic hypocrisy. This part of his life, many would later say, was his inspiration for his satirical, political novel Nineteen eighty-four, which had the most profound influence on historical revisionism. Until his death in 1950, Orwell would question almost every â€Å"official† or â€Å"accepted† versions of history. In his book Notes on Nationalism, he writes â€Å"if liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear. † Animal Farm and Nineteen eighty-four Orwell became a world literary giant after the publication of the book Animal Farm. He began his masterpiece in the final years of World War II. With this (and later with 1984), he started his â€Å"thematic series† concerning abuse of political power (Pyle, para. 3). In Animal Farm, Orwell exposed the Soviet myth by incorporating it into a story that could be easily understood. It is also the first novel written exclusively for political purpose and by this, Orwell entered into a new realm of creative invention. This slight fable, scarcely longer than a short story led directly back to his first days in Barcelona. It tells of the story of abused and overworked animals in a farm that rebel against their abusive farmer, Mr. Jones. The animals’ paradise, however, would soon be commandeered and betrayed by a pig that bears a fleeting resemblance to Joseph Stalin (Gray, p. 9). The clear anti-Soviet parody did not appeal to a lot of publishers. The Animal Farm was turned down by more than a dozen publishers in England and the United States. But those who took a chance at this satirical fable were very much rewarded. The Animal farm was a hit and has sold dependably for 40 years. The success of the Animal Farm gave Orwell some sense of financial relief. He cut back on journalism and was given the chance to devote more time on his next best-seller, Nineteen eighty-four. This is Orwell’s most final and most famous book. He was already on his deathbed when it was published in 1949. The task of typing and revising the manuscript took their toll on his health and his tuberculosis worsened. The original manuscript that would later on re-surface reveals that Orwell considered different titles for his masterpiece. He planned on calling it â€Å"The Last Man in Europe†, â€Å"1980† and â€Å"1982† (p. 1). Tens of millions, from different generations have read it. It has been translated into 62 languages. Nineteen eighty-four tells of the story of Winston Smith, a minor bureaucrat in the totalitarian state of Oceania. Smith is working for the Ministry of Truth during the wars of the superpowers and constant changes in alliances. He rewrote old newspaper stories to conform to the present party ideology. He uses Newspeak, the official language at that time. Newspeak is a version of English being pared down to make unconventional opinions that are impossible to conceive. There was no privacy and Smith, along with all Party members, worked on two-way tele-screens. Posters that declare â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You† are all over the place. Smith, however, would commit a â€Å"thoughtcrime. † He would live by the phrase â€Å"down with Big Brother† instead. He would also have a love affair with a co-worker called Julia, considered a heinous crime because all loyalty belongs to the Party. He will be relentlessly tortured in Room 101 until he could no longer take the pain. He would then suggest that all punishment would be inflicted on Julia instead. This abolishes his integrity but would make him a good Party member. The terms Big Brother, Ministries of Truth and Love, the thought crime and thought police, the memory hole, Room 101 and hate week have now become part of our vocabulary. Orwell, for his part, became the standard adjective when referring to the gap between political language and moral reality (Frankel, para. 7). Orwell fought the worst tendencies in politics and society, and in his two greatest works, he did so by using fundamental sense of decency (Gray, p. 10). Legacy and Contribution Orwell did not mean for Nineteen eighty-four to be his final work. Reports say that in one of his last conversations before he died, he said he have some more books to write. He even married a woman 15 years his junior while he was confined in a hospital. He believed that when one is married and has a wife, he would have more reasons to live. Orwell had three more months. He was only 47. Orwell’s childhood friend once said that the tragedy in the author’s life is that when he achieved fame and success, he was already a dying man and â€Å"he knew it† (Pyle, para. 2). But his mystical status as the greatest novelist of his time would outlive him. Orwell did not only write two of the greatest novels in history. He laid down the standards of a true classic. A Time Magazine cover story in 1983 described him as a man of letters who attempted to â€Å"change the world by changing the word. † Orwell is laso known for his insights about politics. He decried bureaucratic hypocrisy and totalitarianism for as long as he lived. He invented a different language through Newspeak to be able to shape reality. His friends would always regard him as an intellectual. He was always straight and solemn. He held back every emotion and he rarely smiled (Frankel, para. 15). As a novelist, they say, he hates being edited and no one ever tried mucking his works. After all, they say, his manuscripts do not need editing as they always come in perfectly, even the commas. From the start, his writing was essentially personal (Menand, para. 4). He put himself and his experiences at the center of his non-fiction works and many of his essays. He made use of personal anecdotes and stories and knowledge in political journalism to stress his points. Orwell, however, never intended to make himself a hero. What he has is a rare talent of relating with his audience, not as a literary man or a reporter, but as himself. In short, before he made the readers believe in his works, he made them believe, first of all, in him. In 1984, a new 17-volume edition of his complete works was published in the United States. A wax figure of the phenomenal author has also been installed at a museum in London. Scholars have continued debates on the political implications and literary genius of his novels. Orwell’s two final books immortalized him as one of the best novelists in history. More than half a century since he died, his works are still regarded as must-reads and have cemented their place on popular culture. The relevance of his novels has outlived him. Works Cited: Gray, Paul. â€Å"That year is Almost Here. † Time Magazine. (28 Nov. 1983). 2 Oct. 2007 http://www. time. com/time/covers/0,16641,19831128,00. html. Frankel, Glenn. â€Å"George Orwell at 100: Revisiting a Life Steeped in Contradictions. † Washington Post Foreign Service. (25 June 2003). 02 Oct. 2007. Menand, Louis. â€Å"Honest, Decent, Wrong: The Invention of George Orwell. (27 Jan. 2003). 02 Oct. 2007. http://www. newyorker. com/archive/2003/01/27/030127crat_atlarge. http://www. netcharles. com/orwell/articles/col-revcon. htm. Pyle, Steve. â€Å"George Orwell’s Animal Farm: The Little Book that Could. † The Antigonish Review. (23 Feb. 1999). 02 Oct. 2007. http://www. antigonishreview. com/bi -111/111-pyle. html. Widmann, Richard. â€Å"George Orwell: Background. † 02 Oct. 2007. http://codoh. com/thoughtcrimes/tcportorw. html.

Embryonic Stem Cells Unnecessary for Medical Progress :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Embryonic Stem Cells Unnecessary for Medical Progress Reporting on new research by Dr. Donald Orlic of the National Institutes of Health and others, indicating that adult bone marrow stem cells can help repair, and restore function in, damaged hearts: "Until now, researchers thought that stem cells from embryos offered the best hope for rebuilding damaged organs, but this latest research shows that the embryos, which are politically controversial, may not be necessary. 'We are currently finding that these adult stem cells can function as well, perhaps even better than, embryonic stem cells,' Orlic said." - "Approach may repair heart damage," MSNBC, March 30, 2001 (www.msnbc.com/news/552456.asp) * * * "Umbilical cords discarded after birth may offer a vast new source of repair material for fixing brains damaged by strokes and other ills, free of the ethical concerns surrounding the use of fetal tissue, researchers said Sunday." - "Umbilical cords could repair brains," Associated Press, February 20, 2001 * * * "PPL Therapeutics, the company that cloned Dolly the sheep, has succeeded in 'reprogramming' a cell -- a move that could lead to the development of treatments for diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The Scotland-based group will today announce that it has turned a cow's skin cell into a beating heart cell and is close to starting research on humans... The PPL announcement...will be seen as an important step towards producing stem cells without using human embryos." - "PPL follows Dolly with cell breakthrough," Financial Times, February 23, 2001 * * * "[O]rgan-specific adult stem cells appear to display much more plasticity than originally thought. Stem cells isolated from one tissue can differentiate into a variety of unrelated cell types and tissues... These findings raise the exciting possibility of using bone marrow transplantation to treat a wide variety of disorders, such as muscular dystrophies, Parkinson disease, stroke, and hepatic failure." - E. Kaji and J. Leiden, "Gene and Stem Cell Therapies," Journal of the American Medical Association, February 7, 2001, p. 547 * * * "[S]ince adult bone marrow has recently been found to contain stem cells of previously unrecognized 'plasticity' that are able to form a variety of types of cell -- muscle, liver, neural, bone, cartilage, endothelial, and perhaps others -- it may be possible to use marrow stem cells in cytotherapeutic approaches to a wide spectrum of diseases, such as cardiac disorders, muscular dystrophy, liver disease, neurodegenerative conditions, and joint diseases.

Criminal Justice

I put myself in the situation of the investigators in he TV shows and think of what I would actually do. My dad used to work in the department of CSS for the Texas police Department so I have some background knowledge and terminology of what is going on. I frequently asked questions and I felt like I somewhat knew the life of a crime scene investigator. They get calls in the middle of the night and they have to go out to the scene. Let is a very stressful and traumatizing job. When it comes down to the two shows of First 48 and CSS, they deal with crimes that involve murders and have investigation element.CSS is full of trained investigators trying to examine the evidence. They find the missing pieces that will solve the case. â€Å"A criminal investigator is a person who conducts investigations for criminal cases. This person is responsible for collecting and assessing evidence for a case to pinpoint guilty parties. If you have ever watched an episode of CSS, you have seen criminal Basic Carnally Investigation 2 investigators in action. The ones In the real world do roughly the same work, but they don't always have dramatic cases to deal with. This explains the Job of a criminal investigator and the Job duties will vary depending on what type of crime there is. When It comes to every crime scene, it goes through steps before It Is considered solved or unsolved. If It Is unsolved, they have tried numerous times to solve the case, but had no leads or no witnesses. The steps are evaluating the case,collecting the evidence,analyzing the forensics, identifying the suspect, if you have a suspect, interrogate him/her, then you bring the case to court for trial and lastly, depending on if the criminal investigators did their Job right justice will be served.Most investigators want to put the suspect in Jail, but that is not always the case. I explain the procedures and process of a crime scene investigator because this is what the the show CSS deals with. Though, CSS is not like Law and Order where they interrogate a suspect, go to trial , and show if the suspect goes to Jail or not. CSS has added drama and it deals more with investigating the actual crime scene. It is a scripted TV show and you can tell some of the scenes are over dramatic and side of the road on a highway.It is about how the team of investigators find out the woman was once a man who underwent a sex change. They investigate and go out figuring out the life of transgender. The way they showed reconstruction of the crime scene is how they would picture the crime in their head. They focused on the evidence in the car and they Basic Criminal Investigation 3 tried to find the fabrics in the car if there was any evidence left behind. They find out who the suspect is, but they do not let the viewers know what happens to the suspect. They have the viewer assume.When they show how the evidence is transferred on to a body part, that is when determination and special effects come into p lay. They show the victim in the crime lab, and they investigate the possibilities f what may have happened. This episode was more realistic because they found the killer in a reasonable time because the suspect confessed. Usually, they would find out the suspect in the same amount of time, but it was unrealistic. SSL makes up more their unrealistic scenes by doing what actual Crime scene investigators do.Watching an Episode of the First 48, this episode was on 9/7/12 and it was about a scene that occurred in Dallas Texas and two friends were walking in the woods and discover a dead body. Let was near the rail road tracks and they call the police. It was ruing May 5th. The body was burned and it had no arms. It is missing the head and hands. The criminal investigator has experience of 19 years. First 48 is based on real life situations and and it is filmed on site, This show focuses more on catching the criminal and investigating what happened within the first 48 hours.This is more realistic because the time frame is actually a real scenario. There is no determination to it. This is actual real life homicides that happen in different cities. The investigators actually use forensic evidence, and witnesses to find the suspect. Though only says 48 hours, it goes on more than that and could even lead into years. The investigate the body and Basic Criminal Investigation 4 they actually go into the scene. They did not show any crime lab or any special investigating on the body.They focused on more investigating the case and how it happened. Watching both shows there are definitely more differences than there are similarities. When it comes to CSS, they find the body to open up the show rather than scene and then they take the body to the forensic lab. They actually take the time to observe the body and find out possibilities and theories of what could have happened in the lab. That is how they portray the scene by going through what they think had happened.Watching First 48, it actually a whole real life scene. Someone calls the police, they set up a crime scene, and they start to investigate instantly. They take the body to the forensic lab. Both shows are different in a way where CSS actually shows you what they do in the lab, and First 48 does not show you the lab and they focus more on the crime scene. The two shows both have reconstruction crime scene, UT the way CSS does is that they dramatist the scene of the evidence.You can tell that there are unrealistic possibilities in CSS rather than watching First 48 where everything is what would actually happen. Both shows used the proper equipment for the scene. SSL is a lot shorter and the way they find the suspect is unrealistic because they show it in a half an hour time frame rather than an actual 48 hours. SSL leaves you wanting more as well as First 48, but First 48 will always be in favor of real Crime scene investigators because it is documentary based rather and a Hollywood reality TV show. Criminal Justice I put myself in the situation of the investigators in he TV shows and think of what I would actually do. My dad used to work in the department of CSS for the Texas police Department so I have some background knowledge and terminology of what is going on. I frequently asked questions and I felt like I somewhat knew the life of a crime scene investigator. They get calls in the middle of the night and they have to go out to the scene. Let is a very stressful and traumatizing job. When it comes down to the two shows of First 48 and CSS, they deal with crimes that involve murders and have investigation element.CSS is full of trained investigators trying to examine the evidence. They find the missing pieces that will solve the case. â€Å"A criminal investigator is a person who conducts investigations for criminal cases. This person is responsible for collecting and assessing evidence for a case to pinpoint guilty parties. If you have ever watched an episode of CSS, you have seen criminal Basic Carnally Investigation 2 investigators in action. The ones In the real world do roughly the same work, but they don't always have dramatic cases to deal with. This explains the Job of a criminal investigator and the Job duties will vary depending on what type of crime there is. When It comes to every crime scene, it goes through steps before It Is considered solved or unsolved. If It Is unsolved, they have tried numerous times to solve the case, but had no leads or no witnesses. The steps are evaluating the case,collecting the evidence,analyzing the forensics, identifying the suspect, if you have a suspect, interrogate him/her, then you bring the case to court for trial and lastly, depending on if the criminal investigators did their Job right justice will be served.Most investigators want to put the suspect in Jail, but that is not always the case. I explain the procedures and process of a crime scene investigator because this is what the the show CSS deals with. Though, CSS is not like Law and Order where they interrogate a suspect, go to trial , and show if the suspect goes to Jail or not. CSS has added drama and it deals more with investigating the actual crime scene. It is a scripted TV show and you can tell some of the scenes are over dramatic and side of the road on a highway.It is about how the team of investigators find out the woman was once a man who underwent a sex change. They investigate and go out figuring out the life of transgender. The way they showed reconstruction of the crime scene is how they would picture the crime in their head. They focused on the evidence in the car and they Basic Criminal Investigation 3 tried to find the fabrics in the car if there was any evidence left behind. They find out who the suspect is, but they do not let the viewers know what happens to the suspect. They have the viewer assume.When they show how the evidence is transferred on to a body part, that is when determination and special effects come into p lay. They show the victim in the crime lab, and they investigate the possibilities f what may have happened. This episode was more realistic because they found the killer in a reasonable time because the suspect confessed. Usually, they would find out the suspect in the same amount of time, but it was unrealistic. SSL makes up more their unrealistic scenes by doing what actual Crime scene investigators do.Watching an Episode of the First 48, this episode was on 9/7/12 and it was about a scene that occurred in Dallas Texas and two friends were walking in the woods and discover a dead body. Let was near the rail road tracks and they call the police. It was ruing May 5th. The body was burned and it had no arms. It is missing the head and hands. The criminal investigator has experience of 19 years. First 48 is based on real life situations and and it is filmed on site, This show focuses more on catching the criminal and investigating what happened within the first 48 hours.This is more realistic because the time frame is actually a real scenario. There is no determination to it. This is actual real life homicides that happen in different cities. The investigators actually use forensic evidence, and witnesses to find the suspect. Though only says 48 hours, it goes on more than that and could even lead into years. The investigate the body and Basic Criminal Investigation 4 they actually go into the scene. They did not show any crime lab or any special investigating on the body.They focused on more investigating the case and how it happened. Watching both shows there are definitely more differences than there are similarities. When it comes to CSS, they find the body to open up the show rather than scene and then they take the body to the forensic lab. They actually take the time to observe the body and find out possibilities and theories of what could have happened in the lab. That is how they portray the scene by going through what they think had happened.Watching First 48, it actually a whole real life scene. Someone calls the police, they set up a crime scene, and they start to investigate instantly. They take the body to the forensic lab. Both shows are different in a way where CSS actually shows you what they do in the lab, and First 48 does not show you the lab and they focus more on the crime scene. The two shows both have reconstruction crime scene, UT the way CSS does is that they dramatist the scene of the evidence.You can tell that there are unrealistic possibilities in CSS rather than watching First 48 where everything is what would actually happen. Both shows used the proper equipment for the scene. SSL is a lot shorter and the way they find the suspect is unrealistic because they show it in a half an hour time frame rather than an actual 48 hours. SSL leaves you wanting more as well as First 48, but First 48 will always be in favor of real Crime scene investigators because it is documentary based rather and a Hollywood reality TV show.

Analysis Of The House Of Mirth By Lara Saltz - 1522 Words

Selden, in The House of Mirth, is a character that is part of the Elite class, but that doesn’t allow the constraints of the elites shadow his vision. In her essay, Lara Saltz argues â€Å"Selden is able to see â€Å"real,† poetic Lily because he possesses both an acute eye for what is materially in front of him (Saltz 1).† She continues on with this thesis, arguing that Selden posses a balance between realism and imagination, that allows him to see the real Lily, during her performance of Sir Joshua Reynold’s pain, Mrs Lloyd. Evidence in the novel showing that Selden can see past the illusions of high life, can be seen in Lily realizing that Selden is detached from the social world, the discussion of love between Lily and Selden and Lily’s final confrontation of Selden and subsequent death. These three pieces of evidence support Saltz’s assertion that Selden can see things for what they really are due to his ability to balance realism and imagination. The first, being Lily’s observation that Selden is detached from the social class. The party, being thrown by Mrs. Trenor, is the stage in which Lily discovers that Selden is detached from social class. The entire affair, starts with Lily being asked to help, it seems, to plan the weeding. during this planning, it is discovered that Mrs. Trenor has scheduled the party in conflict with another character’s own party. They move in this sense, not really caring about who will be offended and even offer their own view to placate any

The Salem Witch Trials Of Colonial Massachusetts - 1473 Words

The infamous Salem witch trials of colonial Massachusetts took place between 1692 and 1693. They involved the execution of fourteen women and five men within the brief time period. What is now the New England region had been established by a homogenous Puritan population, which emigrated from England. Abiding by a strict set of beliefs, the Puritans did not accept people of other backgrounds,therefore it might follow that the Salem Witch Trials of New England were a result of the strict Puritan society, which was actually primarily untrue. The Salem Witch Trials were not enacted as a result of Puritanism, but rather as a result of circumstance surrounding Rye. At the surface, the Salem Witch Trials appear to have resulted from the conformist nature of the predominantly Puritan New England society. The Puritans emigrated over to what is now New England, mainly during the â€Å"Great Migration† of the 1630’s. Their society prospered largely due to their homogenous nature. For instance, the Puritans believed that a strong work ethic was crucial to keeping in touch with God, which made the New England colony suitable for sustainable population growth. Since their societies were predominantly Puritan, the society was self-policing, punishing anyone who stepped out of line. There was abundant behavior that to the Puritans was considered â€Å"sinful†, such as not attending church, or amassing wealth. The Puritans also held the belief that the everyone had an inner conflict between good andShow MoreRelatedThe Causes of the Salem Witch Trials (DBQ)1337 Words   |  4 Pagesseem preposterous. Any behavior regarded as strange b y fellow citizens was sufficient to hold a trial with a sentence of death. Though such scenarios seem unfathomable in our modern culture, it was a reality for hundreds of New England settlers. The causes of the famous outbreak of witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts are rooted in social, economic, and political aspects of the late 17th century Salem community. Early New Englanders were unable to accept the increase in diversity and the break inRead MoreEssay on Salem Witch Trials Of 16921061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692 In colonial Massachusetts between February of 1692 and May of 1963 over one hundred and fifty people were arrested and imprisoned for the capital felony of witchcraft. Trials were held in Salem Village, Ipswich, Andover and Salem Town of Essex County of Massachusetts, but accusations of witchcraft occurred in surrounding counties as well. Nineteen of the accused, fourteen women and five men, were hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem Village. Hysteria had swept throughRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Salem Witchcraft Trials1552 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚   The Massachusetts Salem witch craft trials, this was a complicated time in history.   With the conflict of the hangings, Salem didn’t have the best compromise. At a time in history when the government didn’t give Puritans religious rights, the Salem Massachusetts witch craft trials began. This conflict led to trails where the government convicted men and woman of practicing witch craft, thus being hanged. Though th is compromise stopped the witchcraft practicing, the government realized those menRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pagespeople strongly believed that Satan was present and active on earth. Men and women in Salem Village believed that all the misfortunes that befell them were the work of the devil. For example, when things like infant death, crop failures or friction among the congregation occurred, people were quick to blame the supernatural. This concept first emerged in Europe around the fifteenth century and then spread to Colonial America. Formerly, peasants heavily relied on particular charms for farming and agricultureRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of 16921281 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a sequence of hearings, prosecutions, and hangings of people who were thought to be involved in witchcraft in Massachusetts. These trials occurred between February 1692 and May 1693(The Salem Witch Trials, 1692. ). The Trials resulted in the e xecution of twenty people, in fact, most of them were women. The first of the trials began in several towns in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, such as Salem Village (currently known as Danvers), Salem Town, Ipswich, and Andover(SalemRead MoreAbdeali Dalal. Dr. Jenkins. History 1301. February 13,1541 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Escaping Salem; The Other Witch Hunt of 1692† â€Å"Escaping Salem; The Other Witch hunt of 1692† was penned and published by Richard Godbeer in 2005. Godbeer expressed his views on what he called basic witch trials in Salem and more importantly, in Stamford, Connecticut Massachusetts. The same year that Salem witch hunt and trials began in 1692, another witch hunt took place in Stamford, the Western Connecticut to when a woman (Elizabeth Clawson) from there was also accused of Witchcraft. These witch huntRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : Crisis1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials: Crisis in Salem Village Many people know of the Salem witch trials that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in the year 1692 spilling over into the year 1693. But for those who do not know, the Salem witch trials were a series of trials against men, women, and children accused of being a witch and or practicing witchcraft. In â€Å"The Devils Snare: The Salem Witch Trials of 1692† by Mary Beth Norton, the author recollects the stories of real life accounts of those accusers andRead MoreThe Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen Essay examples641 Words   |  3 Pagesin the New England Society. The books thesis is based on why a person was accused of being a witch and the relative circumstances thereof. Marital status, sex, community standing, wealth, and relationships with others all play an important part of a person chances of being accused of being a witch. Karlsen’s words make for a richly detailed portrait of the women who were prosecuted as witches. The witch hunting hysteria seized New England in the late seventeenth century. Why were those and otherRead MoreThe Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe Salem witch trials were a series of different court trials. They occurred after a group of young girls were claimed to be possessed by the devil. These individuals experienced hallucinations. Some of the suspects explained the attacks as if bugs were crawling under their skin. When the outbreak began to spread, the government proceeded to accuse multiple people in the colony of witchcraft. This is how the Salem witch trials came to be. The trials took place in colonial Massachusetts. AccordingRead MoreSalem Witch Trials And Religious Superstition1411 Words   |  6 Pagesseventeenth century in colonial Salem, Massachusetts, two girls began acting in an uncanny manner. These girls then accused two woman and a slave for being witches; which caused the town of Salem to emerge into a period of witch cleansing. Mostly, the people of Salem were Puritans who found many different reasons to accuse one of being a witch. The start of the witch trials began in 1692 and ended in 1693 by Governor Phips; whose wife was prosecuted as a witch. These Salem Witch Trials began by religious

Homelessness An Epidemic Across The United States

Homelessness has become an epidemic across the United States of America over the past 40 years. Despite the fact that most individuals are reminded of this problem on a daily basis when they see those without homes on the street, few solutions have been implemented that would fix the causes of this horrendous issue. Funding for programs that assist the homeless and homeless prevention programs is abysmal, while the costs incurred due to such a large homeless population continue to rise. Over the past century, a variety of acts and programs have been put in place that has dramatically affected the homeless population of the time, both positively and negatively. This problem can be directly linked to the outcomes of these acts and programs. In order to attack the root cause, the American population needs to look back at the history of homelessness and increase our awareness of what is truly preventing the homeless from mobilizing. Although homelessness is an issue that most people admi t exists, few want to come together and be a catalyst for change. Many people just want the problem to disappear because it inconveniences them, but their preconceived ideas about homelessness stop them from doing anything about the unhoused. According to Utah’s Comprehensive Report on Homelessness (2014), most of the conceptions we have about the homeless are actually myths with little basis in fact. One of these myths is that the majority of people without a home are chronically homeless.Show MoreRelatedHomelessness Is An Epidemic That Plagues Many People Across The United States1142 Words   |  5 PagesHomelessness is an epidemic that plagues many people across the United States for many different reasons. However, for young people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, living homeless can become especially difficult. Young people of the LGBT community are being put out of their homes, rejected by their families, and shunned by their communities in which they live because of their sexual orientation, something that they themselves have no choice over. This is because of prejudicesRead MoreHomelessness in America Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness in America Here in Tahoe, we are lucky enough to experience a great quality of life, and only a few have to face the horrible life of poverty and homelessness. However, nationwide, even right outside the basin, homelessness is a growing epidemic across the country. There are many ways one can become homeless; for the most part poverty. There are also different concentrations of homeless in different types of terrain, such as urban or suburban areas. Last, there is the ever- growingRead More Homelessness in america Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pages Homelessness in America nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Here in Tahoe, we are lucky enough to experience a great quality of life, and only a few have to face the horrible life of poverty and homelessness. However, nationwide, even right outside the basin, homelessness is a growing epidemic across the country. There are many ways one can become homeless; for the most part poverty. There are also different concentrations of homeless in different types of terrain, such as urban or suburban areas. LastRead MoreEssay on Solving Homelessness1416 Words   |  6 PagesSolving Homelessness Nationwide homelessness is a growing epidemic across the country. There are many ways an individual can become homeless, for the most part it is poverty. There are also different concentrations of homeless in different types of environments, such as urban or suburban areas. 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Business Law Australian Landmark

Question: Describe about the Business Law for Australian Landmark. Answer: Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v The Dredge Willemstad (1976) 11 ALR 227 This case was the landmark Australian case as a result of which an exception to the general rule which grants recuperation for pure economic loss was not allowed. The exception took place in certain situations where the defendant could rationally anticipate that a particular person, as different individual from a general class of individuals, would have to suffer and compensate for the monetary harm which took place as a result of their behavior. Further, the key Facts, issues, laws and applicability of the case would be discussed so as to display the significance of the same (Webstroke Law, 2016). Facts of the Case A Processing contract was initiated between Australian Oil Refining Pty Ltd (AOR) and Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd (Caltex). According to this agreement AOR refined crude oil was transported to its factory on the southern shore of Botany Bay of Catlex, and then it transports the advanced goods back to Caltexs oil workstation on the northern shore of Botany bay by the help of a tube that ran under Bay. AOR owned the tube. Under the provisions of the contract Caltex preserved the ownership of the oil in its numerous forms, and AOR was accountable for the danger of harm or damage to the oil as it passed through its tube. The Dredge Willemstad was being utilized to scour a water channel in the Bay when it wrecked the tube on 26 October 1971. The workers of the dredge were aware of the tube issue. The loss was caused because: The track plotter chart which was offered by Decca Survey Australia Ltd erroneously depicted the area for dredging and The workers of the Dredge botched to recognize the fault in the track plotter chart and also to verify their position by conservative means. In order to recover the damages,AOR filed a petition against both the workers of the dredge and Decca which comprises of the reimbursement for the harm caused to the tube and the goods which were incorporated in it. The Supreme Court of New South Wales decided that both the workers of the dredge and Decca were lawfully responsible for the loss which was caused and so, they would have to grant compensation of $125,000 to AOR. Caltex also at the other hand filed a petition against the workers of dredge and Decca in carelessness to recuperate reimbursement for the expenses it acquire in having to arrange it as a substitute means of conveying petroleum goods until the tube was renovated. The Supreme Court rejected this assertion on the basis that Caltex did not own the land which was damaged by dredge and that the damage which was experienced by Caltex was a pure economic loss. Caltex appealed this decision to the High Court. Legal Issues Was Caltexs pure economic loss was recoverable in an action which was brought for the act of negligence or not? The loss was pure economic loss and not substantial economic loss which would have been recoverable because it was not a loss that streamed out from the physical injury which was caused to Caltexs land or individual. The tribunals had formerly been disinclined to permit the recuperation of pure economic loss for policy reasons, including the outlook of undefined legal responsibility. Rule and Relevant Law According to the tort law of Australia, Pure Economic Loss has been defined as the pecuniary harm which was experienced as the consequence of the act of negligence on the part of another person which was not escorted by any physical damage to an individual or land (Stephen Wawn Associated, 2016). As per the old approach a pure economic loss was differentiated from a momentous economic loss; but as per the present law of the state it was stated that the remarkable case of Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd in the year 1964, have modified the law in order to permit the revitalization of pure economic loss resulting from any negligent words (Law Teacher, 2016). Though, an obligation of concern in this context could not arise simply from reasonable foresee ability there were other exceptional stipulations. Similarly, Negligence has been defined to be taken place in the circumstances where one individual owes to another person an obligation of concern, carelessness was occurring or failing to do something that a sensible individual would or would not carry out as it causes to another individual harm or failure as an end result (Legal Services Commission of South Australia, 2016) (Marshall Gibson Lawyers, 2012). Application As per the general rule the adjudicator stated that economic loss which was not substantial upon the impairment which was caused to the plaintiffs workers or land was disregarded; because of the fact that, the failure which was anticipated was not sufficient to make purely economic loss recoverable (Gillies, 2004). Although, it was organized by the judges to generate an exemption to the general rule but in doing so, he preferred an approach to the issue which would not form the angle of isolation in informal or policy conditions of harm as it was done in the case of Hedley Berne by way of restricting the obligation of concern. This specific complexity in designing a restricted obligation of care has not taken place in the case of Hedley Byrne which was a kind of case where this method was previously utilized, because in all those matters the plaintiff has been the only predictable injured party. The constituents which were required in order to make a decision of the matters in which it does occur was a practicable general meaning of "limited class". At present the tribunal did not observe any manner of attaining this. The term would possibly have to be distinctively defined from case to case. From this point of view the obligation of care approach was slight more striking than the isolation approach which requires case-by-case meaning of "predictable and significant" (Dietrich, 2000). It was recognized by the judges in this matter that Decca and the workers were fascinated in the dredge which had the indispensable way of skill having regard to the specific elements of the association among the parties in this specific case (Chircop, et al, 2012). The approach of obligation of concern was adopted by the court, but unlike some of the adjudicators, it does not make an exemption to the S.C.M. v Whittall rule for the recuperation of purely economic loss. Rather it generates an innovative rule to substitute it. The Court preceded to the list the issues which in his view show a quantity of closeness among the defendant's act and Caltex's loss which was adequate to give rise to accountability in the defendant to reimburse Caltex for its economic harm (Cane, 1977). The immediacy for which the adjudicator gazes was not principally informal. But presume if Caltcx had for some time been unable to organize substitute transportation and had accordingly evaded on agreements for the supply of petrol then the ensuing harm which was caused to Caltex would seem, to be so roundabout as to be disregarded. In the current case, Caltex's harm did occur, in the opinion of the judges from the physical effect of the harm of the petroleum goods. The defendant owed a obligation of care to Caltex because the land of Caltex-crude oil at the processing plant and goods thereof-was in such physical proximity to the place where the defendant's tasks had their physical effect. It also was the place where the dredge went for its working which would have the physical effect such as "restriction which was occurred through the tube of the crude oil and the goods. Restriction on the land of Caltex was anticipated as a result of such work (Latimer, 2012). The Court then requested to response to the opposition which were imposed to the recuperation of purely economic loss that the reimbursement may be away from the capability of the defendant to disburse. As the court states that, this was no cause why the loss would be left with the injured party (Kalderimis, 1999). On the other hand, a ruling which could not be performed by which there was nothing to transfer for the onus from the victim. Also the comments of the judges only points up the fact that the welfare of the plaintiff and the defendant divergence, but it grants no guidance as to how that clashes would be determined (Supreme Court of Tasmania, 1999). Conclusion At the end it could be concluded that it could carefully be said to have been determined in Caltex was that the mere fact states that the only harm endured by the plaintiff was purely economic loss which was not accurately or instantly substantial upon physical harm to the individual or land of the plaintiff. As it would not prevent recuperation of that harm. It might also be harmless to state that the S.C.M. u. Whittall test of causal proximity to physical harm was not law in Australia, although it must be memorized that the judge reaffirmed that rule and went no further than creating an exception to deal with the current case. Four strands of reasoning supporting the decision in favour of Caltex are found in the judgments. A Judge founded his verdict on a procedure of looking at the situations of the harm in order to scrutinize that whether, whatever its character was. He stated that it was an result of a physical cause on the land of the plaintiff. An obligation of concern approach was adopted by two other judges. It restricts the range of recuperation for purely economic loss by entailing, in effect that the plaintiff be a constituent of a exclusively anticipate and restricted class. A remoteness of damage test was adopted by other adjudicator (Kidner, 2012). At last, a circuitous evaluation of public policy opinion without the conciliation of any suggestion about privileges and obligations was adopted by the judge (Manderson, 2006). According to Justice Mason, though, there was no supplementary constraint of proximity which was required but still he stated that: A defendant would then be lawfully responsible for economic harm which was caused due to his neglectful act when he could reasonably anticipate that a particular person was different from a general class of individuals, and then he would bear monetary harm as a result of his acts. These approaches eradicate or reduce the view that they would come into survival in regard to the obligation which was originated to an undetermined class of individuals; it guarantee that obligation was restrained to those people whose monetary harm falls within the area of foresee ability. Although all of the Judges of the High Court namely (Gibbs, Stephen, Mason, Jacobs and Murphy JJ) gave different reasons but the case was commonly decided on 9 December 1976 in connection to Caltexs appeal that the case was decided in the favor of Caltex as the economic loss which was beared by Caltex was recoverable. References Cane, P.F. (1977). Recovery In The High Court Of Purely Economic Loss Caused By Negligent Acts. Western Australian Law Review. Chircop, A., Letalik, N., McDorman, T.L., and Rolston, S. (2012). The Regulation of International Shipping: International and Comparative Perspectives: Essays in Honor of Edgar Gold. Canada: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Dietrich, J. (2000). Liability In Negligence For Pure Economic Loss: The Latest Chapter (Perre Vapand Pty Ltd). James Cook University Law Review, 7. Gillies, P. (2004). Business Law (12th ed.).Sydney:Federation Press. Kalderimis, D. (1999). "Contractual Economic Loss in New Zealand - "Who, Then, is my Neighbour" Really?" . Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 16. 29(2). 193. Kidner, R. (2012). Casebook on Torts (12th ed.). United Kingdom: OUP Oxford. Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law 2012. Australia: CCH Australia Limited. Law Teacher. (2016). Pure Economic Loss. Retrieved on 30th November, 2016 from: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/tort-law/pure-economic-loss.php Legal Services Commission of South Australia. (2016). Negligence. Retrieved on 30th November, 2016 from: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch01s05.php Manderson, D. (2006). Proximity, Levinas, and the Soul of Law . Canada: McGill-Queen's Press MQUP. Marshall Gibson Lawyers. (2012). A Short History of Negligence Lawsuits. Retrieved on 30th November, 2016 from: https://www.marshallgibson.com.au/2012/05/15/a-short-history-of-negligence-lawsuits/ Stephen Wawn Associated. (2016). Characterize the Harm Pure economic loss. Retrieved on 30th November, 2016 from: https://www.stephenwawn.com.au/commercial-law-litigation-disputes/pure-economic-loss-caused-by-negligent-misstatement-and-the-duty-of-care/duty-of-care/ Supreme Court of Tasmania. (1999). Negligence Foreseeability: Doctrine of Law or Public Policy. Retrieved on 30th November, 2016 from: https://www.supremecourt.tas.gov.au/publications/speeches/underwood/negligence Webstroke Law. (2016). Caltex Oil Pty v The Dredge WillemStad [1976, Australia].Retrieved on 30th November, 2016 from: https://webstroke.co.uk/law/cases/caltex-oil-pty-v-the-dredge-willemstad-1976-australia